Agriculture from Areas Facing Natural or Other Specific Constraints (ANCs) in Poland, Its Characteristics, Directions of Changes and Challenges in the Context of the European Green Deal

Increasing the European Union’s (EU) current efforts to protect natural environment, especially in context of protecting agricultural soils, is one its basic challenges. The Commission (EC) now ready and willing strongly strengthen protection environment. Activities are primarily supported by Green Deal (EGD) strategy from 2019 thematic strategies, as well currently revised Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for 2023–2027. Further direct support farms Areas facing Natural or other Specific constraints (ANCs support), compensating them at least some additional costs lost income related difficulties production, will be most important actions future CAP soils. It should added that, recent years, all EU Member States, including Poland (in 2019), have carried out a mandatory new delimitation ANCs according same rules established EC Joint Research Center (EC JRC) under 2014–2020. aim study characterize organizational situation Polish agriculture, indicate direction strength changes taking place it, main determinants further functioning areas (communes) with particularly high saturation ANCs, compared areas, without ANCs. also present economic consequences development opportunities conducting production these areas. results show condition agriculture this sector different specificity challenges environmental included EGD CAP. research provide an basis policymakers undertaking effective scientific community develop that can meet pressing faced noted emphasizes significance institutional economics, postulates which solid taken better